Scientific Methodology

Science is basically a collection of knowledge and information that is obtained by observation and testing of natural world, in a logical and orderly manner, and its interpretation. Hence, the basis of science is its orderly, step-wise procedure called scientific method. It is a frame of mind that allows the investigator (the scientist) to objectively analyse an occurrence. Thus, scientific method is essentially the process of establishing new facts based on analysis of the observations. The method is fundamental to any scientific pursuit.

Science fails to exist where a scientific method is not adopted.

A typical scientific method incorporates the following steps generally:

1. Making observations, repeatedly if necessary. Observation is not mere seeing. We perceive things around us through eyes, touch, hearing, smell and taste.

2. Identification of a problem, based on the observation. It may elicit questions like how? What? And/or why?

3. Formulating a hypothesis, a speculation based on untested ideas. While making hypothesis about a phenomenon, the marker should avoid teleological explanations. Teleological explanations are the beliefs that a phenomenon or event occurs in response to some need or purpose. Such explanations do not lend themselves to verification.

4. Testing the hypothesis through experimentation. Experimentation involves

• Collection of data

• Interpretation of the data

• Drawing meaningful conclusion

One of the most important aspects in an investigatory experiment is to have a set called control. It is a set, which does not experience the component of the experiment being tested. It is essential for confirmation of the experiment.

5. Convincing experimental evidences supports formulating a theory after the hypothesis. A theory cannot be stated in a predictive manner. Once a theory is formulated, it requires consultation of existing documented scientific knowledge in the relevant field. 6. Deriving a law by supporting the theory with more and more evidences so that the final fact is virtually irrefutable.

It must be noted here that scientific theories and laws are always provisional.

Since scientific investigation is a human mental activity, to obviate human errors, it is necessary to confirm or reject the experimental results based on repeated investigations (if necessary by many scientists).

Serendipity

It refers to the discoveries which are made just by accident. Eg., Discovery of Penicillin by Alexander Fleming.

Finally, a scientifically derived law must withstand the test of time and the efforts of other scientists to falsify the same.