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| Summary |
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| 1) Non-invasive diagnostic techniques are those that can be applied without penetrating the skin. |
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| 2) X-rays have a remarkable ability to penetrate matter. They help to provide detailed images of dense parts of the body like bones. |
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| 3) The photographic image produced by x-radiation is called Radiograph. |
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| 4) Angiography involves injecting a dye directly into the blood and then taking x-rays of the arteries. |
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| 5) Non-invasive imaging techniques like CT, MRI, PET, ultrasonography, DSA, provide 2D or 3D pictorial representation of the body parts. |
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| 6) CT scan combines the use of x-rays with computer technology to produce 2D or 3D cross sectional image or internal structures. |
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| 7) MRI is based on the phenomenon of Nuclear magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. |
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| 8) Ultra sonography involves the use of high frequency ultrasonic sound waves to produce images of structures within the human body. |
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| 9) ECG is useful in diagnosing abnormal cardiac rhythms and conduction patterns. |
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| 10) EEG is used clinically in the diagnosis of epilepsy, infections of the brain, Tumours etc. |
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| 11) Auto analysers are Biomedical instruments, which are computer controlled and temperature regulated. |
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| 12) ELISA technique is widely used for the detection of virus, fungi and bacteria, It is used to detect infectious diseases like Tuberculosis and AIDS. |
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| 13) Invasive procedures like Endoscopy enables the doctor to view directly or indirectly body parts like Bronchus, stomach, colon, urinary bladder etc. |
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| 14) Using an Endoscope, a surgeon can carryout minor operations also. |
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| 15) Cancer is characterised by uncontrolled growth and division of certain body tissues, forming a tumour. |
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| 16) A tumour may be benign or malignant. |
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| 17) Based on their location and the site of origin, cancers are classified as carcinomas, Sarcomas, myelomas and Leukaemia. |
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| 18)Cancer may be caused due to genetic mutation. |
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| 19) Treatment of cancer may involve surgery, Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, Hormonal therapy, Immuno therapy or a combination of these. |
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| 20) Successful organ transplantation depends upon the Histocompatibility of the donor and the recipient. This problem of tissue rejection can be overcome by the use of immuno suppressive drugs. |
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| 21) When the kidneys are so impaired that they are unable to excrete wastes and regulate pH and electrolyte balance in plasma, Haemodialysis is employed. |
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| 22) Advancement in Biomedical engineering has made external and internal prosthetic implants possible. |
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| 23) During open heart surgery or Heart transplant, circulation and respiration of the patient is maintained by the Heart - lung machine. |
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| 24) In patients with heart block, normal heart - rate can be restored and maintained with the help of an artificial pace maker. |
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| 25) Blocked coronary arteries can be unblocked by Angioplasty or Baloon catheterisation. |
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| 26) Patients with severe arthritis undergo knee - replacement surgery. |
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| 27) In cryosurgery, liquid nitrogen or a solution of nitrous oxide is used to destroy the tissue. |
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| 28) Immunomodulators are drugs, which modulate the patients immune response. |
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| 29) Whenever there is a hormone deficiency or hormonal imbalance, hormone therapy is given |
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| 30) AIDS victims have very few T cells and therefore a weakened immune system. |
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| 31) In AIDS since the protective immuno system is destroyed, other germs cause opportunistic diseases, using the opportunity of lowered resistance. |
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| 32) HIV infection is detected by ELISA test and confirmed by western Blot - analysis |
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| 33) Sexually transmitted diseases are infections which are transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person during unprotected sexual contact. |
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| 34) STDs are detected by clinical symptoms, lab investigation, ELISA Test, culture techniques, DNA hybridisation and PCR. |
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