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| Appendicular Skeleton |
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| This consists of the girdles including both pectoral and pelvic girdles and the limb bones. |
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| Pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle |
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| The pectoral girdle lies on the posterolateral aspect of the upper region of thorax. It consists of 2 bones- scapula and clavicle. |
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| The clavicle or collar bone is a long curved bone forming the anterior part of the shoulder girdle. It has a shaft and two extremities. The medial extremity is called sternal extremity and articulates with the sternum. The lateral extremity, the acromial extremity, articulates with the acromion process of the scapula. |
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| Functions |
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| The clavicle provides attachment for some of the muscles of the neck and shoulder and thus acts as prop to the arm. |
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| The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone in the body. It may be broken by direct or indirect violence, such as falling on the hand or the shoulder. The bone is usually fractured in the middle or medial third. |
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| Scapula |
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| The scapula forms the posterior part of the shoulder girdle and lies at the back of the thorax superficially to the ribs. It is a triangular flat bone showing two surfaces, three angle and three borders. |
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| The anterior or costal surface is called the subscapular fossa and lies nearest the ribs. The posterior or dorsal surface is divided by a prominent ridge of bone, called the spine of the scapula which passes across it to end in the acromion process which overhangs the shoulder joint. |
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Movement and Locomotion in Animals
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