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Introduction |
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Man's quest for sources of energy is inexhaustible. Early man depended mainly on muscular energy and later began to use wind and flowing water as sources of energy. He learned the art of making and controlling fire. Fire became his source of light at night. He used fire for warmth and realized that cooked food tastes better than raw food. As civilization advanced, man started using fire in making weapons, pottery etc. Today, with the progress in science and technology, fuels have become indispensable to man. |
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Fossil Fuels |
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Fossil fuels are energy-rich, combustible forms of carbon or compounds of carbon formed by the decomposition of biomass buried under the Earth over millions of years. |
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Fossil Fuels - Coal |
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It is a black mineral of plant origin which is chemically, a complex mixture of elemental carbon, compounds of carbon containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. |
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Fossil Fuels - Petroleum |
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Petroleum is a dark, viscous, foul smelling liquid, a mixture of solid, liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons with traces of salt, rock particles and water. |
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Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) |
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Butane with small quantities of ethane and propane. These gases can be liquified under pressure and bottled in cylinders. By itself LPG is odourless. On leakage, it is toxic if inhaled. It also forms an explosive mixture with air. LPG can be hazardous if handled carelessly.A strong smelling compound, ethyl mercaptan is added to detect the leakage of LPG. |
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Fossil Fuels - Natural Gas |
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The composition of natural gas is chiefly methane (>90%) with traces of ethane and propane. |
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Fossil Fuels - Synthetic Petroleum and Synthetic Gas |
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In countries, where coal is easily available as compared to the rapidly depleting petroleum and natural gas, it is possible to avert the energy crisis by preparing petroleum and natural gas artificially. |
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Pollution caused due to Combustion of Fossil Fuels |
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With Man's ever increasing need for energy, he has been using fossil fuels indiscriminately. In the process, harmful materials contributing to air pollution are being produced. |
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Carbon and its Compounds |
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Organic Chemistry - Basic Concepts |
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Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of compounds of hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. |
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Organic Chemistry - A Separate Branch of Chemistry |
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Existence of innumerable organic compounds. Properties of organic compounds are distinctly different from those of inorganic compounds. |
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Reasons for Existence of Innumerable Compounds of Carbon |
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Catenation is defined as the property of atoms of the same kind to covalently link with one another to form linear chains, branched chains or rings. |
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Hydrocarbons - Definition and Examples |
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Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon. They form an important class of organic compounds. Several organic compounds are derived from hydrocarbons. Therefore, they are also referred to as parent compounds. |
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Hydrocabons - Classification |
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Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons |
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Nomenclature is the system of naming. With the existence of innumerable compounds of carbon, it has become necessary to follow a universal, rational system of naming. Such a system has been evolved by International union of pure and applied chemistry (IUPAC). By following this system, we can eliminate the confusion that arises due to usage of common names or trivial names. |
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Hydrocarbons - Isomerism in Alkanes |
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Isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but different properties due to different structural arrangement of atoms in their molecules. |
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Hydrocarbons - Homologous Series |
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Homologous series is a series of organic compounds having the same general formula, arranged in an ascending order of their molecular masses. |
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Alkanes - Introduction |
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Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons having only single bonds between the carbon atoms of their molecules. The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2. Alkanes are called paraffins because of their low reactivity (in Latin paraffin means- less reactivity). |
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Alkanes - Methane, A Typical Example |
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Methane forms an explosive mixture with air and is therefore dangerous. Methane being insoluble in water, is covenient and safer to collect by the downward displacement of water. |
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Biomass as a Fuel - Biogas |
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Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel. It is a mixture of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). |
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Alkenes |
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Alkenes are unsaturated compounds having the general formula CnH2n. |
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Alkenes - Ethene, A Typical Example |
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Physical properties Ethene is a colourless gas with a sweetish odour. It is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. It causes unconsciousness when inhaled. |
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Alkynes |
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Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n-2. They are the most reactive as compared to alkenes and alkanes. |
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Alkynes - Ethyne |
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Alkyne, Alkene, Alkane - Comparitive Table |
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