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Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding |
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Light has been regarded as waves to explain the phenomena of reflection, refraction, diffraction etc. However in 1905, Albert Einstein suggested that light has a dual character, which means, it can behave as a particle as well as a wave. It was observed that some of the experimental facts regarding light could be explained only by assuming light to have particle like character while some other experimental facts could only be explained by assuming wave like character for light radiations. Since light is a kind of radiation, it may be concluded that all radiations behave like waves as well as particles. Such a wave like and particle like nature of radiation is known as dual nature of radiation. |
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Biomolecules |
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Biomolecules are complex organic molecules. These molecules form the basic structural constituent of a living cell. The organic compounds such as amino acids, nucleotides and monosaccharides serve as building blocks of complex biomolecules. The important biomolecules are proteins, carbohydrates and fats, enzymes, vitamins, hormones and nucleic acids. Some of the biomolecules are polymers. |
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Chemical Kinetics |
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Processes by which substances are transformed to one or several products are called chemical reactions. Chemical processes that occur in the presence of light, like sunlight, are called photochemical reactions. These processes can occur naturally or under controlled conditions in the laboratory. |
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Chemistry in Everyday Life |
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Study of chemistry is important for the simple reason that, many chemicals find applications in almost all aspects of our daily life. |
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Coordination Compounds and Organometallics |
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We have already seen the ability of transition elements to form coordination compounds. This property is however not restricted to transition elements alone. It is also exhibited by certain other metals although to a lesser extent. |
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d and f - block Elements |
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The elements that lie in between S-block and P-block are the d-block elements. These elements are called transition elements as they show transitional properties between s and p-block elements. These elements contain partially filled d-orbitals and hence they are called as d-block elements. The general electronic configuration of d-block elements is (n-1)d1-10ns1-2. |
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Electrochemistry |
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Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry, which deals with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical changes taking place in redox reactions. i.e., how chemical energy or how electrical energy can be used to bring about a redox reaction which is otherwise not spontaneous. It has many applications in electrolysis, energy producing cell etc. |
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Nuclear Chemistry |
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Atoms contain three fundamental particles namely electrons, protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons constitute the nucleus whereas electrons are present in the extra nuclear region of the atom. |
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Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen |
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Functional groups containing nitrogen are present in a variety of naturally occurring and man made organic compounds. These functional groups impart physico- chemical characteristics to these molecules. These groups are responsible for their unique chemical reactivity patterns and play crucial roles in the preparation of drugs, agrochemicals, dyes and molecules of life. There are many functional groups, which contain one or more nitrogen atoms. Some categories of compounds based on these functional groups include nitro compounds, amines, cyanides, isocyanides and diazo compounds. |
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Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen - I |
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Alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids are compounds with functional groups containing oxygen. An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups(s) attached to aliphatic carbon atom(s). For e.g., ethyl alcohol formula CH3, CH2, OH is an alcohol. |
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Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen - II |
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This chapter contains oxygen compounds in which oxygen is bonded to a carbon atom through a double bond. The functional unit >C = O, present in these compounds is called carbonyl group. We limit our study now to compounds having an acyl group (R - C = O) is bonded to hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, halogens and nitrogen. These compounds are known as carbonyl compounds and are grouped into families of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives. |
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Polymers |
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Polymers are macro-sized molecules of relatively high molecular mass, which find extensive use in our daily life. Polymers are large but single chain-like molecules in which the repeating unit derived from small molecules called monomers are covalently linked. |
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Solutions |
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A Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non-reacting substances called components. The composition of the components can be varied with in certain limits. |
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Stereochemistry |
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What is isomerism? Using building blocks various structures can be built. Similarly using the same atoms, different organic compounds can be formed. Therefore, organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae and different arrangement in space are called isomers or isomerides. The property of organic compounds to have same molecular formula but different structural formulae and spatial arrangement is called Isomerism. |
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Surface Chemistry |
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Surface chemistry is the study of processes that occur at the interface of two bulk phases. The bulk phases can be of the type solid-gas, solid-liquid, liquid-gas and liquid-liquid. There is no interface between gases because of their complete miscibility. The bulk phase can be solutions or pure compounds. |
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The p-Block Elements |
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The p-block contains several elements of great social and economic importance as well as chemical interest. Examples include the use of aluminium as a structural material, the importance of silicon and germanium as semiconductors, and the use of sulphur, phosphorus and nitrogen in fertilizers. |
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The Solid State |
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A solid is that form of matter that possesses rigidity and hence possesses a definite shape and a definite volume. |
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Thermodynamics |
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Physical and chemical changes are accompanied by energy changes. The branch of science, which deals with the energy changes associated with physical and chemical reactions is called Thermodynamics. |
