Synthetic Elements Including Transuranics

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Nuclear reactions involving the bombardment technique by different particles have been used to synthesise artificial elements such as Technetium, Astatine and Transuranium. (Z > 92) which follow uranium in the periodic table.

The nuclear reactions used to synthesise some of these elements are given below:

(i) Technetium

(ii) Neptunium and Plutonium

(iii) Americium (Am) and Curium (cm)

(iv) Berkelium (Bk) and Californium (Cf)

(v) Nobelium (No) and Lawrencium (Lr)

Bombardment with heavier nuclides produces these elements.

Many of the heavier isotopes are short lived.

The longest-lived isotope of fermium is 

with half-life of 3.3 hours.

So far elements upto atomic numbers 109 have been identified.