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 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
- Position of an element in the Periodic Table, its atomic number and atomic mass
- Periodic Table to identify metals, semimetals, nonmetals, and halogens
- Periodic Table to identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals, and trends in ionization energy, electronegativity, and the relative sizes of ions and atoms
- Periodic Table to determine the number of electrons available for bonding
- The Nucleus
- Periodic Table to identify the lanthanides and actinides, and transactinide elements
- Position of an element in the periodic table, its quantum electron configuration, and reactivity with other elements in the table
- Thomson's discovery of the electron
- Rutherford's nuclear atom
- Millikan's oil drop experiment
- Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect
- Quantum theory of atomic structure
- Historical importance of the Bohr model of the atom
- Spectral lines
- Planck's relationship (E=hn)
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CHEMICAL BONDS
- Covalent or metallic bonds, ionic bonds
- Chemical bonds between atoms in molecules such as H2, CH4, NH3, H2CCH2, N2, Cl2
- Electrostatic attraction in salt crystals such as NaCl
- Inter-molecular forces in a solid and liquid
- Lewis dot structures - Shape of simple molecules and their polarity
- Electronegativity and ionization energy - bond formation
- Solids and liquids held together by Van der Waal's forces
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CONSERVATION OF MATTER AND STOICHIOMETRY
- Writing balanced equations
- Definition of a Mole
- Molar mass of a molecule from its chemical formula and a table of atomic masses
- Converting the mass of a molecular substance to moles
- Number of particles or volume of gas at standard temperature and pressure
- Masses of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
- Percent yield in a chemical reaction
- Oxidation and reduction reactions
- Balancing oxidation-reduction reactions
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GASES AND THEIR PROPERTIES
- Random motion of molecules and their collisions with a surface
- Random motion of molecules and diffusion of gases
- Applying the gas laws to relations between the pressure, temperature, and volume
- Standard temperature and pressure (STP)
- Convert between Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales
- Kinetic theory of gases
- Problems using the ideal gas law in the form PV=nRT
- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
- Graham's Law to describe diffusion of gases
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ACIDS AND BASES
- Properties of acids, bases and salt solutions
- Acids and Bases
- Strong acids and bases; Weak acids and bases
- pH scale to characterize acid and base solutions
- The Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base definitions
- Calculating pH from the hydrogen ion concentration
- pH in acid-base reactions
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SOLUTIONS
- Definitions of solute and solvent
- The dissolving process as a result of random molecular motion
- Temperature, pressure, and surface area - their affect the dissolving process
- Concentration of a solute in terms of grams per liter, molarity, parts per million and percent composition
- Relationship between the molality of solute in a solution, and the solution's depressed freezing point or elevated
boiling point
- Chromatography and distillation
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CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
- Temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules (or atoms)
- Chemical processes - exothermic and endothermic
- Energy - Released and absorbed
- Problems involving heat flow and temperature changes
- Hess's Law to calculate enthalpy change in a reaction
- Gibbs free energy equation to determine whether a reaction would be spontaneous
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REACTION RATES
- Rate of reaction
- Concentration, temperature, and pressure - their effect on reaction rates
- Role a catalyst in reaction rates
- Definition and role of activation energy in a chemical reaction
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CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
- LeChatelier's Principle
- Forward and reverse reaction rates, equilibrium
- Equilibrium constant expression for a reaction
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ORGANIC AND BIOCHEMISTRY
- Formation of large molecules (polymers) such as proteins, nucleic acids and starch
- Bonding characteristics of carbon, simple hydrocarbons, complex polymers and biological molecules
- Amino acids as building blocks of proteins
- System for naming the ten simplest linear hydrocarbons and isomers containing single bonds, simple hydrocarbons
with double and triple bonds, and simple molecules containing a benzene ring
- Functional groups which form the basis of alcohols, ketones, ethers, amines, esters, aldehydes, and organic acids
- R-group structure of amino acids and how they combine to form the polypeptide backbone structure of proteins
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NUCLEAR PROCESSES
- Protons and neutrons
- Nuclear forces
- Electromagnetic repulsion between the protons
- Nuclear fusion and fission reactions
- Radioactive isotopes
- Three most common forms of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma)
- Changes in the nucleus in each type of decay
- Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
- Amount of a radioactive substance remaining after an integral number of half lives have passed
- Protons and neutrons - substructure, quarks
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