Atoms and Nuclei Introduction

In the nineteenth century scientists saw enough evidence to prove that each element has its distinctive atom. But all tem atoms contain identical electrons. In spite of the fact that electrons carry negative charge, atoms as whole were found to be neutral. This led to the fact that atoms must contain positive charge now 105 elements are known to man. Even thought electrons are identical, different atoms contained different number of electrons. Once people found that atom has an inner structure, they started giving different models.

Every model landed up with problems when Bohr made bold suggestions, which paved the way to quantum mechanics. People found that it is not only charges but also energy is quantized in the atomic level. This chapter deals with the atom models and the effects of radioactivity, and nuclear phenomena.