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| Plant Kingdom |
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| The following classification 'telescope' clearly indicates the mechanism behind the classification of the plant kingdom. |
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| The chart given below briefly outlines the classification of the plant kingdom. |
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| Eichler in 1883 suggested a system to classify the plant kingdom which is well accepted. He said that the plant kingdom is subdivided into two subkingdoms: Cryptogamae and Phanergamae |
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| These are lower plants that do not bear flowers or seeds. They form three divisions. |
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 The plant body is not differentiated into stem, root and leaves but is in the form of an undivided thallus. |
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 Vascular tissues are absent. |
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 The reproductive organs are single-celled and there is no embryo formation after fertilization. |
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| This division includes three sub-divisions: algae, fungi and lichens. |
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 Occur in ponds, lakes and fresh water bodies. Sea weeds are found in marine waters. |
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 May be single celled, colonial or filamentous. |
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 Are autotropic i.e., they can prepare their own food with the help of the green pigment i.e., chlorophyll present in the plant. Sometimes red, blue, yellow and brown pigments are found. |
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 Blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) are included in this group of plants. |
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| Examples: Spirogyra, Volvox, Eurodivia, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Ulva, Chlamydomonas. |
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| These do not contain chlorophyll and hence are heterotropic and have diverse modes of nutrition. They may be saprophytic i.e., depending on dead or decaying organic matter for their food, or may be parasitic i.e., depending on living organisms for their food. |
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| Example: Mushrooms (Agaricus), Penicillium and Aspergillus. |
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| This is a group which has two varieties of plants, an alga and a fungus living in perfect harmony. They co-exist for mutual benefit. This relationship is known as symbiosis. The fungus absorbs water and mineral salts and supplies it to the alga. The alga prepares food and supplies it to the fungus. |
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| Example: Foliose lichens, Fruticose lichens. |
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 Moss and Liverwort belong to this variety of plants. There are the simplest form of land plants. The plant body is flat and lack true leaves and roots. The upper surface of the plant body produces a stalk which bears a capsule. The capsule contains spores. |
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| Example: Riccia, Marchantia, Funaria |
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 The plant body is differentiated into stem, leaves and roots. |
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 Vascular system is present. |
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 Leaves usually have leaflets. Spores are borne on the undersurface of the leaf. |
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 They grow in damp cool shady places. |
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| Example: Ferns |
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| This division is made up of plants that bear flowers and seeds and make up the majority of the larger plants. The body is differentiated into true stem, leaves and roots. Propagation of the plant takes place with the help of seeds. Seeds are formed as a result of sexual reproduction. The male and female gametes (sex cells) fuse together inside the ovary (female part of the flower) and develop into the seed. In some plants seed is not produced inside an ovary. Phanerogamae is made into two further divisions. |
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 Gymnosperms (naked seeded plants) |
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 Angiosperms (Seed borne within a fruit) |
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| Gymnosperms are intermediate between cryptogams and angiosperms. The male flower is a cone which produces pollen. The female flower is much larger and consists of a rosette of carpels which bear ovules along the two margins. |
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| Example: Cycas, Pinus and Coniferous trees. |
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| This group constitutes the largest group of plants. Seeds are produced inside an ovary which later becomes the fruit. These are highly evolved group of plants. The plant body is distinctly differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. |
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| Based on the number of cotyledons (seed-leaves) that form the seed this group is divided into: |
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 Monocotyledons (One seed leaf) |
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| Example: Rice, Wheat |
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 Dicotyledons (two seed leaves) |
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| Example: Beans, Mango |
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