Force and Laws Of Motion


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Introduction

     We have learnt about the motion of objects based on the definition of displacement, velocity and acceleration.

Force and Motion

     A vegetable vendor applies force to push the cart, a driver applies force either to stop the car or to change the speed or direction of motion and a football player kicks the ball to set it in motion.

Resultant Force

     Any object can be made to move by the application of force. Many forces can act simultaneously on a body.

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

     An unbalanced force acting on an object changes its speed or direction. The resultant of unbalanced forces is always greater than zero.

Galileo's Observation and Origin of Newtonian Mechanics

     Aristotle and other medieval thinkers believed that the natural state of bodies is the state of rest. Galileo opposed this concept.

Inertia

     It is clear from Galileo's experiments that all objects have a tendency to continue in their state of rest or of uniform motion until an external force acts on it.

Newton's First Law of Motion

     A body continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external force acts upon it.

Momentum

     The force required to stop a moving body is directly proportional to its velocity. Thus the quantity of motion in a body depends on mass and velocity of the body. This quantity of motion defines a new physical quantity called momentum.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

     Newton's second law of motion states that rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to applied force and takes place in the same direction as the applied force.

Applications of Newton's Second Law of Motion

     In a cricket match a fielder moves his arms back while trying to catch a cricket ball because if he tries to stop the fast moving ball suddenly then the speed decreases to zero in a very short time.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

     To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

An Experiment to Prove Newton's Third Law of Motion

     Couple two spring balances A and B as shown in the figure. When we pull the balance B both the balances show the same reading indicating that both the action and reaction forces are equal and opposite.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

     Action and reaction forces result in change in velocities of both the bodies which in turn change the momenta of these bodies.

Applications of Law of Conservation of Momentum, Newton's Third Law of Motion

     When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gases produced in the barrel exerts a tremendous force on the bullet (action force). As a result, the bullet moves forward with a great velocity called the muzzle velocity.

Force of Friction

     Due to friction we are able to walk on the surface of the Earth.The brakes applied in automobiles work only due to friction.

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