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Constructing and interpreting graphical displays of distributions of univariate data:
- Dotplot, stemplot, histogram, cumulative frequency plot
- Center and spread
- Clusters and gaps
- Outliners and other unusual features
- Shape
Summarizing distributions of univariate data:
- Measuring center: median, mean
- Measuring spread: range, interquartile range, standard deviation
- Measuring position: quartiles, percentiles, standardized scores (z-scores)
- Using box plots
- The effect of changing units on summary measures
Comparing distributions of univariate data:
- Dotplots, back-to-back stemplots, parallel boxplots
- Comparing center and spread: within group, between group variation
- Comparing clusters and gaps
- Comparing outliners and other unusual features
- Comparing shapes
Exploring bivariate data:
- Analyzing patterns in scatterplots
- Correlation and linearity
- Least-squares regression line
- Residual plots, outliners, and influential points
- Transformations to achieve linearity: logarithmic and power transformations
Exploring of categorical data:
- Frequency tables and bar charts
- Marginal and joint frequencies for two-way tables
- Conditional relative frequencies and association
- Comparing distributions using bar charts

