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Shape of 's' orbitals
The orbital angular momentum of a 's' orbital is zero, as 'l' = 0. This means that the probability of finding an electron at a particular distance from the nucleus is the same in all directions/at all angles. Since the distribution of electron density is symmetrical, ..
Shapes of s orbitals
s orbitals are non-directional and spherically symmetrical, This means that the probability of finding the electron is same in all directions at a particular distance from the nucleus, The 1s orbital is shown in the figure 1.3. fig 1...
s orbitals are non-directional and spherically symmetrical, This means that the probability of finding the electron is same in all directions at a particular distance from the nucleus, The 1s orbital is shown in the figure 1.3. fig 1...Large number of empty orbitals
It has been observed that in metals a number of valence orbitals remain empty as the number of valence electrons in metals is generally less than the number of valence orbitals. For example, lithium {(Li, Z = 3) 1s 2 2s..
Combination of 2s atomic orbitals
Like 1s-orbitals, 2s-orbitals combine by addition and subtraction of overlappingwavefunctions to form bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. These are labeled as s 2s,and s *2s. The..
Azimuthal quantum number or angular quantum number
The Azimuthal quantum number determines the angular momentum of the electron, denoted by the letter 'l'. The value of 'l' gives the sub level or sub shell in a given principal energy shell to which the electron belongs. It can have only positive integral values from zero to (n-1) where '..
Periods
There are seven periods in the periodic table and each period starts with a different principal quantum number. The first period corresponding to 'n' = 1 consists of only two elements hydrogen (1s 1 ) and helium (1s 2 ). This is..
Hybridization
>The above configuration reveals that all the four bonds formed by carbon will not be identical. For e.g., in the formation of CH 4 molecule, one C-H bond will be formed by the overlapping of 2s-orbital of C and 1s-orbital of H whereas the other three C-H bon..
Aufbau Principle
The Aufbau principle states that in the ground state of an atom, an electron enters the orbital of lowest energy first, and then the subsequent electrons are fed in the order of increasing energies into the orbitals. The relative energies of various orbitals are given ..
Solution
The electronic configuration of nitrogen (1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 ) shows that it possesses exactly half-filled 'p' orbitals as its outershell configurations. Since, half-filled orbitals are extraordinarily ..
Solution
The step, which involves the formation of Ca 3 + from Ca 2 + would have highest ionization energy...
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