9th grade chemistry projects

In this representation one views the carbon-carbon bond directly end-on and represents the two carbon atoms by a circle. Lines going to the center of the circle represent substituents on the front carbon, and lines going to the edge of the circle represent substituents on the rear carbon. The adva..

The intersection of the horizontal and vertical lines represents the chiral center (the chiral carbon). The horizontal lines indicate bonds directed towards the reader. The vertical lines indicate bonds directed away from the reader. By rotating through an angle of 180 o within the plan..

In this representation one views the carbon-carbon bond from an oblique angle. The spatial orientation are indicated by employing heavy tapered lines for substituents coming out of the page, normal lines for substituents in the plane of the page, and dashed lines for substituents going back behind..

Molecules with two identical groups on the same side of the carbon chain in their Fischer projection formula are called erythro. When the identical or similar groups are on the opposite sides, the nomenclature is thre..

) the temperature was only 7 F colder than it is today. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide has increased nearly by 30%. Methane concentration has increased by more than 100% and nitrous oxide by about 15%. These increases have enhanced the h..

By analogy to the formation of these two methyl glucosides, glucose exists in two forms a -D-glucose and b -D-glucose. These two forms are not mirror images of each, hence are not enantiomers. The six membered cyclic structure of glucose was established by R.D Haworth. The six membered cyclic struc..

. In each cluster a large number of stearate groups clump together in a spherical manner such that the hydrocarbon parts interact with one another and the COO - groups remains projected in water. fig 7.9 - Aggregation of RCOO - ions to form a mice..

Fossil fuels are the major source of energy on Earth. With the development of technology, the worlds consumption of the concentrated sources of energy like coal, petroleum and natural gas and uranium has increased. Very slow physical and chemical processes spread over many thousand years form thes..

. This repulsion is called non bonded interactions and it raises the energy and makes the eclipsed form unstable. In the case of staggered form, the atoms or groups are as far away from each other as possible and hence there is no repulsion. Hence the energy is less and this conformation is more st..

. If an a -carbon atom has four different groups attached to it. Then it is asymmetric and it exhibits optical isomerism. Except glycine all amino acids exhibit optical activity. Therefore two stereo isomers are formed and they are mirror images to each other. They appear as shown belo..