a mathematical introduction to control theory

In Mathematics, a well-defined collection of definite objects is called a set. George Cantor is regarded as the "Father of Set theory". The concept of "Sets" is basic in all branches of mathematics. It has proved to be of particular importance in the foundations of rel..

The word 'Induction' means method of reasoning from individual cases to general ones or from observed instances to unobserved ones. Many important mathematical formulae are such that a result is formed by some means which does not provide for a direct proof. Mathematical ..

for every natural number n. In fact, this conjecture is valid and we establish it by using the principle of mathematical inducti..

A binomial is an algebraic expression of two terms which are connected by the operations '+' or '-'. For n = 1,2,3,4, the expansion of (a + b) n , has been expressed in a very systematical manner in terms of combinatorial coefficients. The above expression suggest the conjecture that (a..

Consider a simple quadratic equation x 2 + 1 = 0. There is no real number which satisfies this equation. So there was a need to find a system which could answer to this problem. Euler used the symbol 'i' to denote to solve the above equation. Complex number system consists of the set ..

If m is a positive integer, a x a x a . m times is written as a m . a is called the base and m is the power. We read it as "a raised to the power m". The power is also called "the index" or "the exponent..

It is a rectangular array of numbers, arranged in rows and columns. The number of rows (say m) and the number of columns (say n) determine the order of the matrix. It is written as m x n (to be read as m by n). The plural of matrix is matrices. Matrix is usually denoted by capital..

If a and b are any two quantities of the same kind a and b are not equal to zero. then the quotient a/b is called the ratio of a and b. It is expressed as a : b. (read as a is to b..

This chapter takes us much further and adds to our already existing knowledge about Ratio and Proportion. We will have to use many of the algebraic manipulations learnt earlier, use them with expertise to solve problems in this chapt..

The sets of numbers which every student must remember are: The set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, } The set of whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,} The set of integers Z = I = {, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,} The set of rational numbers Q The set of irrational numbers is a set of numbers that c..