an introduction to the theory of numbers

In Mathematics, a well-defined collection of definite objects is called a set. George Cantor is regarded as the "Father of Set theory". The concept of "Sets" is basic in all branches of mathematics. It has proved to be of particular importance in the foundations of relations and functions..

The sets of numbers which every student must remember are: The set of natural numbers, The set of whole numbers, The set of integers, The set of rational numbers, The set of irrational numbers, Set of Real Numbers, Consecutive intege..

A set of numbers arranged in a definite order according to some definite rule is called a sequenc..

A set of numbers arranged in a definite order according to some definite rule is called a sequence . Sequences have wide applications. For example, the amount of money in a fixed deposit in a bank, over a number of years increases in a sequenc..

It is a rectangular array of numbers, arranged in rows and columns. The number of rows (say m) and the number of columns (say n) determine the order of the matrix. It is written as m x n (to be read as m by n). The plural of matrix is matrices. Matrix..

We use specific number of digits to denote an exact value of a number for required accuracy. The digits used for such a purpose are called significant figures. Suppose a measurement is recorded as 0.6204 cm. It means that the measurement was made correct to the nearest 0.0001 cm..

You are familiar with factors and products in the case of numbers. For example, 8 is the product of 4 and 2. 4 and 2 are called the products of 8 . Similarly, the algebraic expression a x b x c = abc can be written as 1.a.b.c or 1.ab.c or 1.bc.a or 1.ac.b or 1.abc. 1, a, b, c, ab, bc, ac,..

A binomial is an algebraic expression of two terms which are connected by the operations '+' or '-'. For n = 1,2,3,4, the expansion of (a + b) n , has been expressed in a very systematical manner in terms of combinatorial coefficients. The above expression suggest the conjecture that (a..

If m is a positive integer, a x a x a . m times is written as a m . a is called the base and m is the power. We read it as "a raised to the power m". The power is also called "the index" or "the exponent". When the power or index is a fraction say then and it is a surd of order n. In this chapter w..

The word 'Induction' means method of reasoning from individual cases to general ones or from observed instances to unobserved ones. Many important mathematical formulae are such that a result is formed by some means which does not provide for a direct proof. Mathematical Induction is a principle by..