aryl halides example

Direct chlorination or bromination of benzene or other aromatic hydrocarbon gives chloroarenes and bromoarenes. These reactions are carried out in the presence of Lewis acids such as ferric or aluminium halides (FeCl 3 , FeBr 3 , AlCl 3 ) in the dark, at ordinary temperatures (310..

Haloarenes are colorless liquids or crystalline solids. Aryl halides are heavier than water. Being heavier than water, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The melting and boiling points of aryl halides are nearly the same a..

. The above reactions involve nucleophilic substitution process. Hence this method is not suitable for preparing aryl cyanides because aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactio..

Halides - Group 15 elements form two series of halides of the type MX 3 , (trihalides) and MX 5 , (pentahalides). The trihalides are formed by all the elements while pentahalides are formed by all the elements except nitrogen. Nitrogen cannot form pentahalides due to the absence..

Group 15 elements form two series of halides of the type MX 3 , (trihalides) and MX 5 , (pentahalides). The trihalides are formed by all the elements while pentahalides are formed by all the elements except nitrogen. Nitrogen cannot form pentahalides due to the absence of vacant d-orbital..

The elements of this group form a variety of halides. The important features regarding the halides are: (i) Since fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen, its compounds with oxygen are called fluorides. For e.g., F 2 O is written as OF 2 and is named as oxygen difluoride. H..

Since fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen, its compounds with oxygen are called fluorides. For e.g., F 2 O is written as OF 2 and is named as oxygen difluoride. However, chlorine, bromine and iodine are less electronegative than oxygen, therefore, the compounds of these halogens wit..

The solution of freshly prepared aromatic diazonium salt on reaction with cuprous chloride on cuprous bromide gives corresponding aryl chloride or aryl bromide. This reaction is called sand maeyer reaction. The arylchlorides or bromides can also be prepared by Gattermann re..

. The reaction is a typical example of nucleophilic substitution reaction. Here the ammonia molecules in the first step and the amine molecules in the subsequent steps act as nucleophile..

The alkyl group (-OR) is ortho, para directing and activates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution in the same way as in phenol. The resonating structures are shown below...