atom discussion

Conclusion - Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment explained the structure of atom and the size of nucleus. The Bohr's model explained the hydrogen spectrum. Radioactivity occurs due to nuclei being unstable resulting in the emission of three types of radiations having differe..

. (ii) Molecular orbital obtained by subtraction of wave functions of atoms may be represented as y (MO) = y A - y B . The molecular orbital is called antibonding molecular orbital. The physical picture of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals can be obtained by considering the ..

Efficiency of packing in hcp and ccp structures - We have discussed earlier that in both type of close packing (hcp and ccp) approximately amount of the available volume is occupied by spheres (atoms..

The following rules are followed for filling up molecular orbitals with electrons in order to write molecular configurations: 1. The molecular orbital having the lowest energy is filled first. This is in accordance with Aufbau principle as already discussed for atoms. 2. Each mo..

Due to its tetravalent nature carbon always form covalent bonds by sharing electrons with one, two, three or four carbon atoms or atoms of other elements or groups of atoms as discussed earlier. The tetra covalency of carbon atom allows it to co..

All reactions are fast. At least, the individual steps of a reaction occur on an atomic time scale and are complete in less than 10 - 9 seconds. The net rate of a reaction is slow due to the slowness with which reactant molecules get activated or come together. Here those reactions are co..

>For reactions taking place in basic solutions, add H 2 O molecules to the side deficient in hydrogen atoms and simultaneously add equal number to OH - ions on the other side of the equation. Let us discuss the above method stepwise with the help of reaction between zinc and hyd..

Introduction - Sodium belongs to Group I in the periodic table. This group is otherwise known as the alkali metals group. Since the atomic number of sodium is 11, its electronic configuration is 2,8,1. Sodium easily loses the lone electron to attain the stable configuration of neon. There..

It is aptly said that pollution is the price paid by us towards social development through scientific advancement. Pollution is a peril of our society. It is a peril out of scientific achievements applied to improvement of human facilities. Science is a tool of development. This is a well known sys..

The third row elements are from sodium to argon. The build up of these eight elements proceeds exactly in the same manner as discussed above. Here 3s- and 3p-orbitals are filled in place of 2s- and 2p-orbitals as has been done in case of Li to Ne. For e.g., the electronic configuration ..