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Hydrogen Bonding in Water and Ice
>As a result of tetrahedral arrangement of H 2 O molecules in the solid state, the ice structure extends in three dimensions. Further the molecules of H 2 O are not packed closely as hydrogen bonds between oxygen and H atoms are longer than covalent bonds between them. This results in vac..
Effect of Impurities on the Melting Point of Ice
When common salt is added to crushed ice to make a freezing mixture the temperature is lowered below 0 o C. This is because ice absorbs heat from salt which is at a higher temperature and some ice melts dissolving some salt in it. This process continues till..
Latent Heat
Experiment 1 - Take a few pieces of ice in a beaker. Insert a thermometer. Note the temperature. You will observe it to be 0 0 C. Now place the beaker on a flame and heat it. Ice starts melting. As you supply heat to ice, its temperature should rise. But you will find ..
Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
Solid-Liquid Equilibrium - When a solid is heated it starts melting at a certain fixed temperature (melting point). At this stage even when the heating is continued, the temperature does not change until the whole of solid is converted into liquid. The state when solid and liquid phases o..
Points observed from the graph
1) The graph of sinx and cosx have no breaks and they lie between y=1 and y = -1. So sinx and cosx are continuous for all values of x and the values of sinx and cosx always lie between 1 and +1. Hence sinx and cosx are bounded function. 2) There are breaks in the graph..
1) The graph of sinx and cosx have no breaks and they lie between y=1 and y = -1. So sinx and cosx are continuous for all values of x and the values of sinx and cosx always lie between 1 and +1. Hence sinx and cosx are bounded function. 2) There are breaks in the graph..Replication
This is a process in which a single DNA molecule produces two identical daughter molecules of itself. This replication is a semi conservative process. The parent DNA has two complementary strands, which unwinds by breaking hydrogen bonds. The separated strand acts as templates for the sy..
Transpiration Pull
The transpiration pull results in a continuous stream of water called the transpiration stream . It is a continuous stream of water extending from the xylem of the leaves to the xylem of the roots. In fact, transpiration pull can occur only when there is a continuous c..
Mitosis
This type of cell division occurs in the somatic (body) cells. Here a diploid (2n) parent cell gives rise to two diploid (2n) daughter cells. For the purpose of description mitosis is divided into four stages - Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase It is important to understand that Mitosis is a ..
Liver
Liver is the largest gland and is found in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side of the body just below the diaphragm. Its secretion is called bile juice. It is alkaline and rich in organic salts called the bile salts. The alkaline nature serves to neutralize the acidic pH of the gastric..
Liver is the largest gland and is found in the upper part of the abdomen on the right side of the body just below the diaphragm. Its secretion is called bile juice. It is alkaline and rich in organic salts called the bile salts. The alkaline nature serves to neutralize the acidic pH of the gastric..Heat and Motion (Kinetic Theory of Heat)
>Thus, if a solid is heated, its molecules vibrate more vigorously within the intermolecular space. Its internal energy increases and hence, its temperature increases. If the solids are heated further, at a certain stage their kinetic energy increases so much that many molecules can overcome interm..
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