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Processes by which substances are transformed to one or several products are called chemical reactions. Chemical processes that occur in the presence of light, like sunlight, are called photochemical reactions. These processes can occur naturally or under controlled condit..

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. Transition State explains the rate of reaction in term of formation of a transition state of reacting molecules. The formation of transition state requires energy of activation. Transition state theory connects kinetic rates with thermodynamic properties of reactants and the transition ..

>Matter consists of molecules. These are the smallest particles, which are capable of free existence and retain all the chemical properties of the parent substance. The molecules are always in a state of random continuous motion. The molecules exert forces on one another. These forces dep..

Internal Energy - Every substance possesses a definite quantity of energy, under a given set of factors such as chemical nature of the substance, temperature and pressure. The total energy contained in a system or substance is called its internal energy or intrinsic energy. It is represen..

Processes by which substances are transformed to one or several products are called chemical reactions. Chemical processes that occur in the presence of light, like sunlight, are called photochemical reactions. These processes can occur naturally or under controlled conditions i..

We come across in our day-to-day life different forms of energy, like the mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, chemical energy etc. Here in this chapter, we are mainly concerned with mechanical energy. The two types of mechanical energy are kinetic energy and poten..

Let us see what is actually taking place in the following examples: Steam engine: The coal burns. Heat due to the combustion of coal converts water into steam. The expansive force exerted by the steam on the piston of the engine moves the locomotive. Chemical energy is converted to heat e..

The total energy in the universe is present either as kinetic energy or as potential energy. For example, the water stored in a dam possesses potential energy by virtue of its height (position). When this water is allowed to fall, its potential energy gets converted into kinetic..

Example 4: Ammonia (NH 3 ) gas decomposes over platinum catalyst to nitrogen gas (N 2 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ). The chemical reaction is as follows: fig 6.4(a) - Concentration versus time profile for a zero order reacti..