deep space communication

Propagation of EM Waves in Atmosphere - In an Earth environment, electromagnetic waves propagate in ways that depend not only on their own properties but also on those of the environment itself. Since the various methods of propagation depend largely on frequency therefore the complete electromagne..

One desirable feature of radio transmission is that it should be carried without wires (i.e.,) radiated into space. At audio frequencies, radiation is not practicable because the efficiency of radiation is poor. However, efficient radiation of electrical energy is possible at high freque..

Communication satellites are normally geostationary satellites. They have devices called transponder which receive signals from an earth station and transmit them in different directions. The signals in the form of electromagnetic radiation are transmitted from the earth station and these..

Conclusion - Unfolding the mysteries of the dark and silent space with no known boundaries has always been a dream of the human race. The desires of man has ultimately been accomplished through the exploration of space using various space launching vehicles, space..

To place a satellite into orbit it needs to be accelerated in several stages. The required acceleration is produced by firing rockets at various stages of flight. These rockets are fitted into a system called 'launch vehicle' which carries the satellite. By firing rockets at appropriate heights, th..

Basic Principles of Wireless Radio Communication - Let us now discuss the basic principles of wireless radio communications. We shall mainly concentrate on the principle of amplitude modulation and demodulation. The simplest scheme of wireless communication would be to..

This type of wave propagation is said to be unguided. The uniform plane wave exists throughout all space. The electromagnetic energy associated with the wave spreads over a wide are..

Unfolding the mysteries of the dark and silent space with no known boundaries has always been a dream of the human race. The desires of man has ultimately been accomplished through the exploration of space using various space launching vehicles, space probes ..

The radio horizon for space waves is about four-thirds as far as the optical horizon. This beneficial effect is caused by the varying density of the atmosphere, and because of diffraction around the curvature of the Earth. The radio horizon of an antenna is given, with good approximation,..

Frequency Modulation - In frequency modulation, the frequency of the carrier wave is modified in accordance with the amplitude of the modulating wave. The amplitude of the carrier remains unchanged at all times. In other words, the amplitude of the modulated wave remains the same as the amplitude o..