dna sequencing methods

DNA molecule is a double helical structure made of deoxyribo nucleotides. RNA is also present in nucleus as well as cytoplasm. DNA is the major source of genetic information which is copied into RNA molecules (transcription). The sequence of nucleotides contains the '..

In order to maintain its own special characteristics a cell must manufacture proteins exactly similar to those already present in it. Thus, protein synthesis requires specificity control to provide instructions about the exact sequence in which the given numbers and kinds of amino acids ..

It is a complex process and involves the participation of over a dozen enzymes and other protein factors. The intertwined DNA starts separating from a particular point and this is known as the origin of replication. The second step is that the two strands of DNA separate, before..

The technique of finger printing was perfected by British genetist Dr. Alec Jeffreys in 1984. fig. 25.9 Identical Twins No two people (other than identical twins) have exactly the same sequence of bases in their DNA. By detecting these, the differences in DNA sequ..

Formation of Polynucleotide Each DNA molecule has two such polynucleotide chains joined to each other by hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bonds are between the nitrogenous bases of the opposite nucleotides. If the polynucleotide chains are the sides of the ladder, the bonds can be compared to..

As the RNA chain grows, the transcribed region of the DNA molecule gets hydrogen bonded to the opposite strand and the two become spirally coiled to assume the original double helical form. When the last ribonucleotide is added, the RNA polymerase and RNA chain are completely released fr..

Methods of Reproduction - There are basically two types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. This classification is based on the number of parents. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and the offspring is genetically similar to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two paren..

There are basically two types of reproduction - asexual and sexual. This classification is based on the number of parents. Asexual reproduction involves only one parent and the offspring is genetically similar to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents and the offspring has a fusion of..

Summary - (i) Let X be a set of numbers and f : N n X be a function, then the ordered set {f(1), f(2),...., f(n)} is called a finite sequence in X. (ii) Let X be a set of numbers and f : N X be a function, then the ordered set {f(1), f(2),....} is called an infinite sequence in ..

. The base sequence in this gene can be found, as the methods for this purpose are known. From the base sequence, the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide can be worked out on the basis of the triplet co..