electrophilic substitution of aryl halides

The alkyl group (-OR) is ortho, para directing and activates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution in the same way as in phenol. The resonating structures are shown below...

In this type of substitution, an electrophile attacks the carbanion of the substrate substituting one of the hydrogens or other group..

The nitro group strongly deactivates the benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution. Nitro group is electron withdrawing group and thus causes electron deficiency at ortho and para positrons as is clear from the resonating structures of nitro benzen..

Direct chlorination or bromination of benzene or other aromatic hydrocarbon gives chloroarenes and bromoarenes. These reactions are carried out in the presence of Lewis acids such as ferric or aluminium halides (FeCl 3 , FeBr 3 , AlCl 3 ) in the dark, at ordinary temperatures (310..

Haloarenes are colorless liquids or crystalline solids. Aryl halides are heavier than water. Being heavier than water, they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The melting and boiling points of aryl halides are nearly the same a..

Aromatic aldehydes and ketones undergo electrophilic substitution at the ring in which the carbonyl group acts as a deactivating and meta-directing grou..

All amino groups -NH 2 , -NHR, -NR 2 are most powerful activating groups in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions are ortho and para directin..

Electrophilic Substitution Reactions - All amino groups -NH 2 , -NHR, -NR 2 are most powerful activating groups in aromatic electrophilic substitution reactions are ortho and para directing. Aniline gets instantaneously brominated at all of the three O, p - p..

. The above reactions involve nucleophilic substitution process. Hence this method is not suitable for preparing aryl cyanides because aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactio..

. The reaction is a typical example of nucleophilic substitution reaction. Here the ammonia molecules in the first step and the amine molecules in the subsequent steps act as nucleophile..