foundations of international law

Total Internal Reflection - Let us consider a ray of light passing from glass to air, that is from a denser medium to a rarer medium. The figure shows that for a small angle of incidence, major part of the incident light is refracted and a small portion is reflected. The refracted ray ben..

The First Law of Thermodynamics - We have seen that heat is just a form of energy. A system can be given energy either by supplying heat to it (by placing it in contact with a hotter object) or by doing mechanical work on it. Consider an ideal gas in a cylindrical container, fitted with a..

Laws Governing Energy Transformations - The storage and expenditure of energy in an ecosystem is in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics (basic laws of thermodynamics). The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, whic..

The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Experimental evidence suggests strongly that it is impossible to build a heat engine that converts heat completely to work (an engine with 100% thermal efficiency). This impossibility is the basis of one statement of the second law of thermodyn..

When a system absorbs 'q' amount of heat, its internal energy (E 1 ) increases and becomes E 1 + q . Further if 'w' is the work done on the system, then its internal energy increases and becomes, E 2 = E 1 + q + w or E 2 - E 1 = q+ w or D E = q + w When a system does work (w) on..

Laws of Chemical Combination With the development of more scientific ideas on elements, compounds and mixtures, people began to probe into how and why substances react. French chemist A. Lavoisier laid the foundation to the scientific investigation of matter by describing th..

In many electrical circuits, Ohm's law cannot be applied. This happens when there is more than one source of emf in the circuit or when resistors are connected in a complicated manner. To solve such complex circuits, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff developed two laws based on charge neu..

Carl Linnaeus, father of modern botany, was a Swedish naturalist who laid the foundation of modern classification and nomenclature in 1758. He devised a binomial system of nomenclature (naming system) in which an organism is given two names: A generic name (name of genus) which it shares ..

Nomenclature - Carl Linnaeus, father of modern botany, was a Swedish naturalist who laid the foundation of modern classification and nomenclature in 1758. He devised a binomial system of nomenclature (naming system) in which an organism is given two names: A generic name (name of genus) w..

Photosynthesis is influenced by two categories of factors - external or environmental and internal or plant factors. According to the law of limiting factors, put forward by F.F.Blackman in 1905, photosynthesis is limited by the most limiting facto..