how to lie with statistics summary

Constructing and interpreting graphical displays of distributions of univariate data: Dotplot, stemplot, histogram, cumulative frequency plot Center and spread Clusters and gaps Outliners and other unusual features Shape Summarizing distributions of univariate data: Measurin..

Module Four: Statistical Inference - Estimation (point estimators and confidence intervals): Estimating population parameters and margins of error Properties of point estimators, including unbiasedness and variability Logic of confidence intervals, meaning of confidence level and confiden..

Probability: Interpreting probability, including long-run relative frequency interpretation 'Law of Large Numbers' concept Addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional probability, and independence Discrete random variables and their probability distributions, including binomial and ..

Module Three: Anticipating Patterns - Probability: Interpreting probability, including long-run relative frequency interpretation 'Law of Large Numbers' concept Addition rule, multiplication rule, conditional probability, and independence Discrete random variables and their probability distribution..

1. The mean deviation (M.D) of a statistical data is defined as the arithmetic mean of the numerical values of the deviations of the items from some average. 2. The standard deviation of a statistical data is defined as the positive square root of the A.M of the squa..

1. In a simple bar graph, the height of each bar represents the frequency. The thickness has no significance. All bars to have the same thickness. 2. We use double bar graph when we want to compare two things. 3. In the frequency polygon, the frequency is plotted against the mid v..

1. The Arithmetic mean is obtained by dividing the sum of all the items in the list by the total number of items. 2. There are three methods to find mean for a frequency distribution. (i) Direct method, (ii) Short-cut method, (iii) Step-deviation method...

The fundamental principle of counting (F.P.C) states that if an operation can be performed in m different ways and if for each such choice, another operation can be performed in n different ways, then both operations, in succession can be performed in exactly mn different ways. The principle ..

1. Sample space: Set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment. 2. Event : An event of a random experiment is defined as a subset of the sample space. 3. Exhaustive outcomes: All the outcomes of a random experiment. 4. Random variable: A real valued function 'X' define..

1. If x is a discrete random variable assuming the values x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ,.,x n with probabilities p 1 , p 2 , p 3 ,., p n respectively then (x 1 ,p 1 ), (x 2 , p 2 ),(x n , p n ) defines a probability distribution of X. 2. Let n independent bernoulli trials be performed and X denote..