hydrolysis aryl halides

Direct chlorination or bromination of benzene or other aromatic hydrocarbon gives chloroarenes and bromoarenes. These reactions are carried out in the presence of Lewis acids such as ferric or aluminium halides (FeCl 3 , FeBr 3 , AlCl 3 ) in the dark, at ordinary temperatures (310..

All boron halides are hydrolyzed readily by water producing boric acid..

The reactivity of haloarenes is markedly affected by the presence of certain groups at certain positions of the ring. The presence of electron withdrawing groups such as -NO 2 , -CN, -COOH, etc. at 'o' and 'p' positions to the halogen atom, greatly activates the halogen towards nucleophilic subs..

. The above reactions involve nucleophilic substitution process. Hence this method is not suitable for preparing aryl cyanides because aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactio..

Boric acid may also be obtained by the hydrolysis of most boron compounds like nitrides, sulphides, halides etc...

. The reaction is a typical example of nucleophilic substitution reaction. Here the ammonia molecules in the first step and the amine molecules in the subsequent steps act as nucleophile..

Acyl halides undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution with several nucleophiles. i) They react with water to give carboxylic acids. This is called hydrolysis. ..

Aryl diazonium salts on reaction with cuprous cyanide from corresponding aryl nitriles which can be hydrolyzed to carboxylic acids. This is a useful method for preparing carboxylic aci..

Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their functional derivatives (aryl halides, acid anhydrides, esters and amides) contain a carbonyl group and are highly polar molecule..

Alcohols and Phenols are compounds containing -OH as the functional groups. In alcohols, the -OH group is attached to sp 3 hybridised carbon. In phenols, it is attached to sp 2 hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring. In ethers, oxygen atom is attached to two carbons atoms by two separate sigma bonds..