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Laws Governing Energy Transformations - The storage and expenditure of energy in an ecosystem is in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics (basic laws of thermodynamics). The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, which says that 'energy can neither be creat..

. Sunderlal Bahuguna and Pandey in the Uttrakhand Himalayas started the 'Chipko' movement for protecting trees in a typical conflict between commercial wood contractors who were cutting fully grown trees and villagers who would harvest them by only lopping some branches so that they would grow back..

The Need to Manage Our Resources - Everything that we use or consume - food, clothes, vehicles, tools, petrol, furniture, medicines, books, toys, and the infrastructure of electricity, roads bridges, and buildings are obtained from resources on this earth. The only thing one gets from outside is th..

Humans depend on the forests largely to meet rapidly growing demands for timber, fibre, fuel, fresh water and food. All use forest produce in one form or other, e.g., when used as timber, paper, herbs and spices. Modern approaches in forest conservation have found that enforcement of forest laws ..

The overall energy changes for the formation of MgCl and MgCl 2 in water can be understood by considering the various steps as: H h y d r a t i o n = -735 kJ mol - 1 Net Energy change = - 46 kJ mol - 1 ..

Electronic Configurations of Atoms - The distribution of electrons in different orbitals is known as electronic configuration of the atom. The orbitals are indicated by a box (square or circular) and electrons are indicated by arrows. An empty square will mean an empty orbital, while a single elect..

Intrinsic Semiconductors - The atoms in a crystal are strongly held by covalent bonds in space at tetrahedral angles. On receiving energy, a covalent bond breaks and an electron is free to move in crystal lattice. This electron leaves an empty space (shown as an open circle) called a hole. An elect..

Energy is the capacity to do work. All living organisms require energy for carrying on their vital metabolic activities. The primary source of energy for living system is solar radiation. The radiant energy of sunlight cannot be utilised directly by all living organisms. This ability rests only wi..

In 1923, J.N.Bronsted and T.M.Lowry proposed a more general theory known as the Bronsted-Lowry proton transfer theory. According to this concept, any hydrogen containing species (a molecule, a cation or an anion), which is capable of donating one or more protons to any other substance, is called an..

We know that the properties of a medium that govern the propagation of a mechanical wave are: a restoring force an inertial mass The restoring force acting on the particles of the medium is intimately connected to the approximate elastic modulus of the medium and the inertial mass, to its..