international law and economics

Total Internal Reflection - Let us consider a ray of light passing from glass to air, that is from a denser medium to a rarer medium. The figure shows that for a small angle of incidence, major part of the incident light is refracted and a small portion is reflected. The refracted ray ben..

The First Law of Thermodynamics - We have seen that heat is just a form of energy. A system can be given energy either by supplying heat to it (by placing it in contact with a hotter object) or by doing mechanical work on it. Consider an ideal gas in a cylindrical container, fitted with a..

Laws Governing Energy Transformations - The storage and expenditure of energy in an ecosystem is in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics (basic laws of thermodynamics). The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, whic..

The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Experimental evidence suggests strongly that it is impossible to build a heat engine that converts heat completely to work (an engine with 100% thermal efficiency). This impossibility is the basis of one statement of the second law of thermodyn..

When a system absorbs 'q' amount of heat, its internal energy (E 1 ) increases and becomes E 1 + q . Further if 'w' is the work done on the system, then its internal energy increases and becomes, E 2 = E 1 + q + w or E 2 - E 1 = q+ w or D E = q + w When a system does work (w) on..

Natural resources that are limited in nature and are liable to be degraded in quantity and quality by human activities are exhaustible natural resources. Examples are forests, soil, wild animals, minerals, fossil fuels etc. The understanding of the environment and its proper conservation, has gain..

Photosynthesis is influenced by two categories of factors - external or environmental and internal or plant factors. According to the law of limiting factors, put forward by F.F.Blackman in 1905, photosynthesis is limited by the most limiting factor. This means that, at any give..

Pollution of the environment is a major global problem of today. It is heartening to note that in the last 25 years or so, scientists and environmentalists have created a great deal of awareness on environment pollution. Several national and international laws and charters..

- Boolean Algebra is a Mathematical structure satisfying particular laws. Boolean Algebra provides a basic logic for operations on binary numbers 0, 1. Since computers are based on a binary system, this branch of Mathematics is found to be useful for the internal working of vari..

Introduction - The goal of physics is to provide an understanding of nature. The science of physics was developed to explain our physical environment. Great Physicists like Galileo, Newton, and Einstein etc. framed laws to explain the various phenomena in nature. These laws have..