introduction to quantum mechanics electrons

These are also called inner transition elements. The first member of lanthanides is Lanthanum. These are the elements in which the last electron enters into 4f-orbital. These are silvery white metals and are good conductors of heat. Among all the elements only some elements have fully fi..

The phenomenon of electrolysis is an important chemical effect of electric current. In a metallic conductor, the electric current is due to the drifting of free electrons, there is no chemical or physical change, only the generation of heat. However, in ionic solutions (electrolytes), the..

. Depending upon the number of valence electrons, the elements of the p-block exhibit variable oxidation states. The general electronic configuration of these elements is ns 2 np 1 - 6..

The elements that lie in between S-block and P-block are the d-block elements. These elements are called transition elements as they show transitional properties between s and p-block elements. These elements contain partially filled d-orbitals and hence they are called as d-block elements. T..

The long form of the periodic table is based upon the filling of a particular shell and has been accordingly divided into four blocks i.e. 's', 'p', 'd' and 'f' blocks. The 's' block elements involve the filling of 's' subshell. This block includes the elements of group 1 (or I A) and group 2 (or I..

The evidence of the electrical nature of matter preceeded the first theories about the structure of matter. In 1832, Michael Faraday discovered electrolysis. He gave the first important clue relating electricity to matter and about the electric nature of atoms. Faraday enunciated two laws of electr..

In 1831, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in the cell J.E.Purkinje, in 1840, used the term protoplasm to describe the juicy, slimy gelatinous contents of the cell In 1885, Rudolf Virchow expressed that all cells arise from pre-existing cells In 1932, two German Scientists, Ruska and..

. It is an amazing fact that the charge carriers get this signal of direction change is propagated at the speed of light. What difference does it make if direct current flows or an alternating current flows in a conductor? As far as the heating effects are concerned such as light bulbs and heaters ..

The nucleophile (Nu - ) attacks the carbonyl carbon from above or below the plane of the carbonyl group leading to a C-Nu bond formation. This is accompanied by heterophilic cleavage of the weaker carbon-oxygen pi-bond. The electron pair of the pi-bond is completely transferred to the ox..

Organic compounds mainly consist of covalent bonds. The displacements of the electron pairs in these covalent bonds may take place either on their own or under the influence of other species. Three types of electron displacements are generally noticed in the mechanism ..