Oscillations
Introduction - Oscillatory motion, or periodic motion, is the most common type of motion. Heartbeat of animals, the seasons of the year, the swinging of the pendulum of a clock and the vibrations of atoms in solids are periodic in natur..
Melting
It is the process of changing a solid into its liquid state. The temperature at which a solid changes to the liquid state is known as melting point. When a solid is heated, the molecules gain more kinetic energy and start vibrating with a greater v..
Heat and Motion (Kinetic Theory of Heat)
Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. These atoms in molecules are in a state of continuous motion. For example, molecules and atoms of a solid can have only vibrational motion, because they are held in their positions by strong intermolecular force..
Gravitation and Properties of Gravitation
Introduction - We have learnt that a force changes or tends to change the state of rest, speed or direction of motion of an object, i.e., the force produces an acceleration. In this chapter, we are going to identify one of the forces which produces acceleration in all objects on..
Latent Heat
Experiment 1 - Take a few pieces of ice in a beaker. Insert a thermometer. Note the temperature. You will observe it to be 0 0 C. Now place the beaker on a flame and heat it. Ice starts melting. As you supply heat to ice, its temperature should rise. But you will find that the temperature of ice re..
Effect of Heating
Introduction - We heat raw food to soften it. We freeze water into ice by cooling it in refrigerator. When we boil water in a kettle we observe the steam oozing from the mouth of the kettle. When the cork is difficult to remove, we slightly heat the mouth of the bottle, so that the cork c..
Heat and Motion (Kinetic Theory of Heat)
Under normal conditions matter exists in three forms: solid liquid gas Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. These atoms in molecules are in a state of continuous motion. For example, molecules and atoms of a solid can have only vibrational motion, because they are..
Kinetic Theory of Matter
This theory explains the physical properties of matter in terms of motion of its molecules. According to this theory, every substance (solid, liquid or gas) consists of a large number of minute particles called molecules. A molecule may be defined as the smallest particle ..
Laser works
in the following way. The system can be a solid, liquid or gas but is taken in the form of a cylinder. A system is chosen which has a lower energy E 1 , a higher energy E 2 . Using some technique the number of atoms in state E 2 is made higher than that in state E 1 ..
How a Laser Works
> can then become more heavily populated than state E 1 , thus providing the needed population inversion. A stray photon of the right energy can then trigger an avalanche of stimulate emission events, resulting in the production of laser light. A number of lasers using crystalline so..
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