laboratory investigations

1) Clinical symptoms provide the initial indication of the kind of STD. 2) Laboratory investigations including culture microscopic observation gives some confirmation. 3) Detection of specific antigens / antibodies by ELISA or other tests. 4) In culture the organism can be isola..

Policy decisions are already taken in India to undertake technology developments for alternatives to CFCs. Two CSIR laboratories - National chemical laboratory and Indian Institute of Chemical technology are working on this. Along with this, parameters for design modifications s..

Processes by which substances are transformed to one or several products are called chemical reactions. Chemical processes that occur in the presence of light, like sunlight, are called photochemical reactions. These processes can occur naturally or under controlled conditions in the laborator..

Apart from air, the most abundant substance on the earth is water. Humans need water for drinking, bathing, sanitation, washing, cooking etc. Modern agriculture, industry, transport, power generation, civic facilities etc., cannot exist without water. Our body needs water for digestion, internal cl..

As the theory of chemical evolution started gaining more support, investigations were initiated by several scientists to establish the conditions under which, the simplest organic compounds were formed in the primitive earth. Two scientists, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey were the first t..