lasers and how they work

How a Laser Works - The below figure shows schematically how a population inversion can be achieved so that laser action-or lasing us it is called can occur. Atoms from the ground state E 1 are "pumped" up to an excited state E 3 , for example by th..

The below figure shows schematically how a population inversion can be achieved so that laser action-or lasing us it is called can occur. Atoms from the ground state E 1 are "pumped" up to an excited state E 3 , for example by the absorption of light energy from an intense conti..

It is an acronym for Light Amplification By Stimulated Emission Of Radiation . It is a process by which we get a coherent, highly monochromatic and perfectly parallel beam of light. Lasers may also be called as optical masses. It has been invented and developed in 1959. The laser..

Microsurgery is any operation done with the aid of microscopes. Surgeons work with spectacle - mounted magnifiers or with microscopes. Using this technique, surgeons can remove adenoma, tumours of the pituitary gland, without damaging the gland itself. Neurosurgeons, ear and eye sur..

Microsurgery is any operation done with the aid of microscopes. Surgeons work with spectacle - mounted magnifiers or with microscopes. Using this technique, surgeons can remove adenoma, tumours of the pituitary gland, without damaging the gland itself. Neurosurgeons, ear and eye surgeons ..

V) is, by chance, very close to level E 2 in neon (= 20.66 eV). So, during collisions between helium and neon atoms, the excitation energy of the helium can be readily transferred to the neon. In this way level E 2 can become more highly populated than level E 1 . This population inversion is maint..

It is material in which the laser action is made to take place. It may be solid, liquid or gas. Many lasers are named after the material used e.g. ruby laser, He-Ne laser, CO 2 laser, Nd: YAG laser etc. The most important characteristic ..

The smallest lasers used for telephone communication over optical fibres have as their active medium a semiconducting gallium arsenide crystal about the size of a pin-hea..

Ruby Laser - In 1960, T .H. Maiman constructed the first laser using a Ruby crystal. Ruby is a crystalline form of silica(Al 2 O 3 ) with a slight natural doping of chromium. It has the following advantages for being used as a laser. (i) It is a solid having suitably a..

Atoms and Nuclei..