nucleophilic substitution of aryl halides

The reactivity of haloarenes is markedly affected by the presence of certain groups at certain positions of the ring. The presence of electron withdrawing groups such as -NO 2 , -CN, -COOH, etc. at 'o' and 'p' positions to the halogen atom, greatly activates the halogen towards nucleophilic..

The nucleophilic substitution reactions can be classified into two types: First is the S N 1 reaction (substitution nucleophilic, first order). This type of reaction proceeds in two steps as: The first step is slow and is the rate-determining step. As ..

In this type of substitution, atom or group of atoms in the molecule is replaced by a nucleophile. These can be either S N 1 (substitution, nucleophilic, unimolecular) or S N 2 (substitution, nucleophilic, bimolecular) type. In the S N 1 ..

. The above reactions involve nucleophilic substitution process. Hence this method is not suitable for preparing aryl cyanides because aryl halides are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactio..

Preparation of haloarenes - Preparative methods of haloarenes ar..

. The reaction is a typical example of nucleophilic substitution reaction. Here the ammonia molecules in the first step and the amine molecules in the subsequent steps act as nucleophiles..

The alkyl group (-OR) is ortho, para directing and activates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution in the same way as in phenol. The resonating structures are shown below...

The chemical reactions of haloalkanes can be divided into four types: Nucleophilic substitution reactions Dehydrohalogenation Reactions with metals Reductio..

Acyl halides undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution with several nucleophiles. i) They react with water to give carboxylic acids. This is called hydrolysis. ..

. Depending upon the type of attacking reagent, the addition or substitution reactions are also classified as free radical, electrophilic or nucleophilic substitution or addition reactions. For example, if the attacking reagent is nucleophile in substitu..