physical properties of oxygen family

1) No point can be at different potentials, so equipotential surface for different potentials can never touch or intersect. 2) Potential energy does not change as a test charge moves over an equipotential surface and hence the electric field can do no work on such a charge. Because of th..

Additivity - If a system consists of two point charges q 1 and q 2 , then the total charge of the system is got by adding q 1 and q 2 . Thus, the charge add up like real numbers (scalars). When we add charges, one should take care of its sig..

Now, heat the water at 0 0 C further. Observe that the temperature of water rises till the water starts boiling. At sea level the water boils at 100 0 C. As soon as water starts boiling, its temperature remains constant, even if heating is continued. 'The temperature at which a liquid starts boilin..

Elasticity and Deforming Forces - External forces acting on a body, bring about a change in its state or configuration. The latter is possible when the body is not free to move, but the molecules are compelled to change their positions. Such forces are called deforming forces. These forces bring ab..

Dulong and Petit Law (Specific Heat of Solids) - In 1819, two French physicists Dulong and Petit discovered that the average molar specific heat at constant pressure for all metals, except the very light ones, is approximately the same and equal to nearly 25 J mole -1 o C -1 . Although th..

Isotopes of an element have same atomic number (Z) but different mass numbers (A). For example, 1 H 1 , 1 H 2 , 1 H 3 are isotopes of hydrogen;..

It is based on the following principles: 1) Action of sharp points: Charges are leaked from pointed ends of charged conductors. This creates an electric wind (as moving air is ionized) which moves away from the conductor. 2) The property that the charge given to a hollow conduc..

Springs are simple devices that are commonly used. It is used in shock absorbers in automobiles, in push-back ballpoint pens, in electrical measuring instruments, etc. The spring possesses a simple property by the virtue of which, when compressed or elongated, it tries to attain its origi..

This heating is inevitable in any electrical circuit. Since the energy lost by the flowing charges ends up as disorderly thermal motion, the phrase 'ohmic dissipation' is also used to describe it. Often, this is an undesirable effect. For example, in electric circuits, the heat produced in a small ..

Physicists have categorized all forces occurring in nature under gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces. Both gravitational and electromagnetic forces can be expressed as inverse square laws. But nuclear forces cannot be expressed as a simple formula. They are basica..