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Crossing Over - Genetic recombination crossing over is the mutual exchange of the corresponding parts of the adjacent paternal and maternal chromatids of the pachytene of meiosisI, producing new combinations of genes. The chromatids resulting from the interchange of segments are..

If an F 1 individual or an individual of F 2 or F 3 generations is crossed with any one of the parents it is called a back cross..

a. It produces new individuals having new combinations of traits. b. Crossing over has helped in establishing the concept of linear arrangement of genes. c. The frequency of crossing over helps in the mapping of chromosomes. i.e., determining the location of ..

Test Cross - Mendel devised a system of conducting verification for the results obtained by him. It is known as test cross. It is a cross between F1 plant and the recessive parent. A test cross-conducted for the monohybrid inheritance results in the two oppos..

Mendel devised a system of conducting verification for the results obtained by him. It is known as test cross. It is a cross between F1 plant and the recessive parent. A test cross-conducted for the monohybrid inheritance results in the two opposite characters expressi..

Monohybrid Cross - In the first experiment, Mendel considered only one trait at a time. Some of the traits he considered were the height, flower colour, shape of the seed, etc. First he ensured that he had pure-bred tall and pure-bred short plants by selecting seeds from plants that had b..

The following are some improved breeds of dairy cows that have been developed in our country at the National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Haryana. Karan Swiss : This is a crossbreed between Brown Swiss and Sahiwal. Karan Fries: This is a cross breed between Holstein-Frie..

As nature prefers cross pollination to self pollination, the flowers developed some modifications which prevent self pollinations but increase the chances for cross pollination. These are known as contrivances for cross pollinatio..

Cross pollination is defined as the transference of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower of a different plant belonging to the same species. Hybridisation is a special type of cross pollination between two flowers borne by two plants of dif..

According to this theory, the accumulation of cross linked proteins damages cells and tissues and slows down bodily processes resulting in ageing. In a process called non-enzymatic glycosylation, glucose molecules attach themselves to proteins resulting in a chain of chemical reactions. T..