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Quantitative Versus Qualitative
Most experiments in physics require the observations made to be quantitative rather than qualitative. If observations are only descriptive or qualitative, they are likely to be imprecise and could cause disagreements between experimenters. For example, scientists cannot merely say that an object i..
First Order Reaction
Example 5: Cyclopropane (C 3 H 6 ) at room temperature has a ring structure. When it is heated, the ring opens up and cyclopropane isomerizes to propylene. The reaction takes place in a first order manner. Therefore, the rate law for the reaction is, rate (r) = k [C 3 H 6 ] 1 f..
Example 5: Cyclopropane (C 3 H 6 ) at room temperature has a ring structure. When it is heated, the ring opens up and cyclopropane isomerizes to propylene. The reaction takes place in a first order manner. Therefore, the rate law for the reaction is, rate (r) = k [C 3 H 6 ] 1 f..Zero Order Reaction
Example 4: Ammonia (NH 3 ) gas decomposes over platinum catalyst to nitrogen gas (N 2 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ). The chemical reaction is as follows: fig 6.4(a) - Concentration versus time profile for a zero order reacti..
Example 4: Ammonia (NH 3 ) gas decomposes over platinum catalyst to nitrogen gas (N 2 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ). The chemical reaction is as follows: fig 6.4(a) - Concentration versus time profile for a zero order reacti..Graphical Method of Order Determination
First, the data of concentrations versus time is obtained by a suitable method. Then, the data is plotted as concentration versus time. From the resulting plot, the instantaneous rates are determined by drawing tangents to curve and then calculating their slopes. The reaction ra..
Series Reactions (First Order)
Series Reactions (First Order) - A complex reaction involving two series reactions can be of the type, A reacts to give B, which is then transformed to C. Both the elementary reactions (1) and (2) exhibit first - order kinetics, that is, For this reaction, [A] = [A] o exp (-k 1 ..
Series Reactions (First Order) - A complex reaction involving two series reactions can be of the type, A reacts to give B, which is then transformed to C. Both the elementary reactions (1) and (2) exhibit first - order kinetics, that is, For this reaction, [A] = [A] o exp (-k 1 ..Limitation of the Measuring Instrument
Limitation of the measuring instrument is an important factor. This leads to uncertainty in measurement. In order to understand this, let us assume that we want to measure the volume of the liquid with a graduated cylinder. If the volume of the liquid is more than 23 mL and les..
Limitation of the measuring instrument is an important factor. This leads to uncertainty in measurement. In order to understand this, let us assume that we want to measure the volume of the liquid with a graduated cylinder. If the volume of the liquid is more than 23 mL and les..Types of nucleophilic substitution reactions
.e., crowding of bulky groups. The order of reactivity is: primary > secondary > tertiary. Thus the reactivity by S N 1 versus S N 2 increases as follow..
Water
Water is an essential factor in photosynthesis. The effect of water can be understood by studying the yield of crops which is the direct result of photosynthetic activity. It is found that even slight deficiency of water results in significant reduction in the crop yield. The lack of water not onl..
Force of Friction
According to Newton's first law of motion every body continues to be in its state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line unless an external force acts on it. This means that a ball moving on a horizontal surface should continue to move indefinitely as no force is acting on it. But practica..
Force of Friction
Force of Friction - According to Newton's first law of motion every body continues to be in its state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line unless an external force acts on it. This means that a ball moving on a horizontal surface should continue to move indefinitely as no force is acting..
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