the questions of effects hydrogen bond of boiling point

d +" < d+" < d +'). This process of electron displacement of electrons along the chain of carbon atoms is called inductive effect (or I-effect). This is a permanent effect and results due to the presence of a polar covalent bond at one end of the chain. An..

. Therefore, in the presence of attacking reagent, one bond is lost and this negatively charged attacking reagent links to the carbon having positive charg..

In covalent solids, the constituent particles are atoms of same or different kinds. Covalent bonds network, forming a continuous giant interlocking structure of atoms throughout the crystal that hold them together. They are also referred to as covalent network solids. Because, covalent ..

Covalent bonds are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. As orbitals have different shapes, it is difficult to represent the actual shape of the orbitals on the paper. Hence a pictorial notation is adopted with the following rules: An orbital is represented by a square box ( ) or a..

If two or more structures can be assigned to a molecule, none of which is capable of describing all the known properties of the compound, then the actual structure is known to be a resonance hybrid or an intermediate of these structures. The various structures written are called resonating structur..

Hydration effect refers to the stabilization of the protonated amine by water molecules. The water molecules from H - bonds with the protonated amine and release energy called hydration energy. Greater the extent of H - bonding in protonated amine ..

Normal green house effect was principally dominated by H 2 O (vapour), CO 2 and O 3 the interception of infrared radiation by these gases was in the wavelength ranges as given below: Water vapour - 6 - 25 m m CO 2 - 13 - 17 m m O 3 - 9 - 10 m m Huma..

Let a battery maintain a steady current I through the circuit, and a potential difference V between the two ends 'a' and 'b' of the resistor. Let D t be the time taken by the charge to flow from a to b, and D q the amount of charge crossing point a in time D t. Then The loss in electrical..

Since the denominator in the RHS of the above equation is less than 1, f 1 > f 2 . Thus, the increase in the apparent frequency is greater when the source approaches a stationary observer than, when the observer approaches a stationary source. In other words, Doppler effect i..

Bonding in Co-ordination Compounds - The first theory was called the Werner's theory of co-ordination compounds. 1) Metals possess two types of valencies: a) Primary valency or ionizable valency. It is also referred to oxidation state. b) Secondary valency which a metal atom or cation exe..