water analysis methods concentration

Nitric acid can be concentrated up to 68%. It cannot be concentrated beyond this percentage by simply boiling because the aqueous solution of this concentration of nitric acid forms a constant boiling mixture at 121 o C. However, the acid can be further ..

Other Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solution - Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per 1000 g (1 kg) of solvent. Molality is expressed as 'm'. Mole Fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles (solute ..

It is often necessary to convert one set of units to another. This can be done in a systematic way by the method called dimensional analysis or the conversion factor method. Conversion factor is equal to the ratio of the magnitudes of the same quantity in the two unit..

The concepts of solubility product and common ion effect play an important role in qualitative analysis for the separation of basic radicals (cations) into different groups. Weak acids and weak bases ionise in water slightly and an equilibrium is established in their solutions...

The apparatus is set up as shown in figure 14.3. ..

Determination of the relative proportions (as percentages) of various elements present in an organic compound is called quantitative analysis of the compound. The percentages of the various elements present in the compound are estimated by suitable chemical methods as describ..

The common ion effect is generally employed in qualitative analysis. The cations of group II (Hg 2 + , Pb 2 + , Bi 3 + , Cu 2 + , As 3 + , Sb 3 + , Sn 2 + ) are precipitated as their sulphides (such as CuS, PbS) by passing H 2..

Impure titanium is heated to 250 o C with iodine. When titanium reacts to form volatile titanium tetraiodide Impurities present in titanium do not react with iodine. Therefore, the vapors titanium tetraiodide formed is ultra pure. Vapors of titanium tetraiodide are passed through a..

P(n,r) is the number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time. These permutations can be divided into two groups. (i) Those not containing a particular thing l . (ii) Those containing a particular thing l . Taking out l from the given things, we have (n-1) things which can be..